2 2019年7月,一名華人演員在一則廣告中以「褐色妝」飾演馬來和印度族裔,因種族敏感度不足而受到嚴厲批評。隨後,由YouTube喜劇演員Preeti Nair和饒舌歌手Subhas Nair製作的一支嘻哈MV戲仿了這則廣告,引起更多爭議,並因煽動性言論而受到警方調查。關於這些事件的簡明報導和分析,見:Ruby Thiagarajan, “Brownface and Racism in Singapore,” New Narratif, August 1, 2019, https://newnaratif.com/journalism/brownface-and-racism-in-singapore/.
1%與99%的特權階級和多數「人民」的這類對立說法當然不是原創,我們可以追溯到2011年的「佔領華爾街」的抗議運動,當時流行的口號「我們是99%」很快地經由病毒式傳播,開始輻射到世界各地的社會運動上。這個口號在2008年全球金融危機引發的經濟衝擊之後興起,至少最初從美國喊出這個口號的時候,人們主要著眼於1%的頂層人口與其他人口之間持續在擴大的貧富差距。人們的憤怒主要集中在於,金融部門以外的勞工群體並未引發經濟危機,卻被迫承擔了經濟衝擊。不過,儘管訴求突出了資本主義創造的不平等,但歸根結底,這種對財富的批判並不構成階級話語。正如羅莎琳德·莫里斯(Rosalind C. Morris)所觀察到的,對1%和99%的劃分,掩蓋了99%內部巨大的社會經濟差異,這裡面包山包海,有赤貧階級到收入優渥的管理階層。事實上,在將多數主義的表述推到「接近整體」的極限時,這種99% 的話語甚至不是一種族群政治,而是將正義交付於經濟理性的基礎之中的一種「道德圖像學」(moral iconology)。10
10 Rosalind C. Morris, “Theses on the New Öffentlichkeit,” Grey Room 51 (Spring 2018): 96.
11 自1959年建國以來,人民行動黨一直擔任執政黨至今。
12 亞洲美元市場是以美元計價的區域性存款市場。它利用新加坡時區的有利位置,得以吸引美國盤後和隔天歐洲開盤前的交易。參見:J.J. Woo, Singapore as an International Finance Centre: History, Policy and Politics (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 45.
13 儘管這些資產投機的投資人確實承擔風險,但在違約的後果上卻存在明顯的不對等。在金融化的房地產市場中,風險尤為高。儘管在投資者中,對房屋的「賭注」總是有輸有贏,但房主在無法履行貸款時卻需要面臨被驅逐的風險。參見:Saskia Sassen, Expulsions: Brutality and Complexity in the Global Economy (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014), 125.
15 Jerome Couturier, Davide Sola and Paul Stonham, “Are sovereign funds ‘white knights’?” Qualitative Research in Financial Markets 1, no. 3 (2009): 142–51.
16 參見: Elvin K. Wyly, Mona Atia, Elizabeth Lee and Pablo Mendez, “Race, gender, and statistical representation: predatory mortgage lending and the US community reinvestment movement,” Environment and Planning A 39 (2007): 2139-2166.
17 Laura Hyun Yi Kang, “The Uses of Asianization: Figuring Crises, 1997-98 and 2007-?,” American Quarterly 64, no. 3 (September 2012): 411.
18 Ibid, 428-9.
19 Rick Carew, P.R. Venkat and Costas Paris, “Citi Bailout Also Bails Out Singapore Fund,” The Wall Street Journal, September 23, 2009.
20 Morris, 106.
21 值得一提的是,濱海灣金沙酒店從未正式被稱為賭場度假村,而是用「綜合度假村」替代。
22 Lee Kah-Wee, Las Vegas in Singapore: Violence, Progress and the Crisis of Nationalist Modernity (Singapore: NUS Press, 2019), 234-6.
24 “Ministry aims for a city revival,” Business Times, January 5, 1979.
25 William S.W. Lim, “The Quality of Urban Life: With Special Reference To Developing Countries,”
Asian Journal of Social Science 1, no. 1 (1973): 81-96.
26 考慮到他們更關注財富的不均分配,幾乎沒有跡象顯示在新加坡的都市規劃中存在有關貧民窟的種族化問題。然而,上世紀七十年代興起的比較方法論則一貫將貧民窟描述為地方政策失敗的案例,以突顯新加坡模式的成功。這與1967年的亞非住房大會上的討論則呈現出非常大的差異,當時的討論並不是將美國的住房危機歸因於地方政府的問題,而是看作快速的城市化這類現代性的普遍現象。參見:Chia Poteik, “Afro-Asian Builder’s Manual,” The Straits Times, October 15, 1967.
31 A.W. Singham and Shirley Hune, Non-alignment in an Age of Alignments (Harare: The College Press, 1986), 47.
32 Amitav Acharya and See Seng Tan, “The Normative Relevance of the Bandung Conference for Contemporary Asian and International Order” in Bandung Revisited: The Legacy of the 1955 Asian-African Conference for International Order, eds. See Seng Tan and Amitav Acharya (Singapore: NUS Press, 2008), 10.
33 United Nations, General Assembly, Resolution 3201, Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order, A/RES/3201(S-VI) (May 1, 1974), https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/218450.
34 Sinnathamby Rajaratnam, “Speech at the 34th Session of the United Nations General Assembly” (New York, September 24, 1979).
或許這就是為什麼影片如此熱衷於實際走訪這些國際主義歷史建築──儘管今天的公眾對其歷史意涵已經沒有太多認識。從建築到室內設施再到索引櫃的卡片,這些歷史碎片除了標誌性和象徵性價值之外,更是有如索引一般地指向這段在今天看來可能難以想像的歷史。確實,如果標誌和符號有賴於過往的經驗儲備來指稱世界,那麼,索引性的獨特之處就在於,它能夠揭示一些參與世界形構卻不必然為我們所知的物質歷史。就此而言,拉惹勒南提到的技術故障正是索引性的典型例子,在這個幾乎沒有任何標誌性和象徵性相伴的索引性圖像上,我們注意到物質本身粗糲不透明的特質:世界上有些事情正在發生,但我們不知道它到底是什麼。正如瑪麗·安·多恩(Mary Ann Doane)所說,索引是一個「空心符號」;抽空了內容,它只能確認某物存在,卻無法描述它。因此,這種「索引的誘惑」必然伴隨著一種「闡釋的難題」,從而轉向一種補充性的符號系統作為思辨之用。37 而這就是拉惹勒南發言的原因。
35 Vijay Prashad, “Naeem Mohaiemen’s Tragic History of the 1970s Left,” Afterall 47 (Spring/Summer 2019): 56-65.
36 Charles S. Peirce, Philosophical Writings of Peirce, ed. Justus Buchler (New York: Dover, 1955), 104-15.
37 Mary Ann Doane, “The Indexical and the Concept of Medium Specificity,” differences 18, no. 1 (2007): 133.
38 此處的分析借鑑了李静君「資本多樣性」的概念。參見:Ching Kwan Lee, The Specter of Global China: Politics, Labor, and Foreign Investment in Africa (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017).
40 Hennie van Vuuren, Apartheid Guns and Money: A Tale of Profit (London: Hurst, 2018), 434-7.
41 這個觀察是莫海門在討論拉惹勒南演說的講座中提出的。參見:Naeem Mohaiemen, “The Shortest Speech” (lecture, Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art, May 17, 2019).
42 班雅明認為最能體現這種能力的媒介是航空攝影。參見:Walter Benjamin, “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction” in Illuminations: Essays and Reflections, ed. Hannah Arendt, trans. Harry Zohn (New York: Schoken, 1968), 251.
45 Peirce, 108. 羅蘭·巴特發明「此曾在」(that-has-been)描述攝影以時間差對其所指對象的驗證,並賦予攝影媒介所需的遲滯感。參見:Roland Barthes, Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography, trans. Richard Howard (New York: Hill and Wang, 1981), 77.
2 2019年7月,一名華人演員在一則廣告中以「褐色妝」飾演馬來和印度族裔,因種族敏感度不足而受到嚴厲批評。隨後,由YouTube喜劇演員Preeti Nair和饒舌歌手Subhas Nair製作的一支嘻哈MV戲仿了這則廣告,引起更多爭議,並因煽動性言論而受到警方調查。關於這些事件的簡明報導和分析,見:Ruby Thiagarajan, “Brownface and Racism in Singapore,” New Narratif, August 1, 2019, https://newnaratif.com/journalism/brownface-and-racism-in-singapore/.
10 Rosalind C. Morris, “Theses on the New Öffentlichkeit,” Grey Room 51 (Spring 2018): 96.
11 自1959年建國以來,人民行動黨一直擔任執政黨至今。
12 亞洲美元市場是以美元計價的區域性存款市場。它利用新加坡時區的有利位置,得以吸引美國盤後和隔天歐洲開盤前的交易。參見:J.J. Woo, Singapore as an International Finance Centre: History, Policy and Politics (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 45.
13 儘管這些資產投機的投資人確實承擔風險,但在違約的後果上卻存在明顯的不對等。在金融化的房地產市場中,風險尤為高。儘管在投資者中,對房屋的「賭注」總是有輸有贏,但房主在無法履行貸款時卻需要面臨被驅逐的風險。參見:Saskia Sassen, Expulsions: Brutality and Complexity in the Global Economy (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014), 125.
14 Sassen, 128.
15 Jerome Couturier, Davide Sola and Paul Stonham, “Are sovereign funds ‘white knights’?” Qualitative Research in Financial Markets 1, no. 3 (2009): 142–51.
16 參見: Elvin K. Wyly, Mona Atia, Elizabeth Lee and Pablo Mendez, “Race, gender, and statistical representation: predatory mortgage lending and the US community reinvestment movement,” Environment and Planning A 39 (2007): 2139-2166.
17 Laura Hyun Yi Kang, “The Uses of Asianization: Figuring Crises, 1997-98 and 2007-?,” American Quarterly 64, no. 3 (September 2012): 411.
18 Ibid, 428-9.
19 Rick Carew, P.R. Venkat and Costas Paris, “Citi Bailout Also Bails Out Singapore Fund,” The Wall Street Journal, September 23, 2009.
20 Morris, 106.
21 值得一提的是,濱海灣金沙酒店從未正式被稱為賭場度假村,而是用「綜合度假村」替代。
22 Lee Kah-Wee, Las Vegas in Singapore: Violence, Progress and the Crisis of Nationalist Modernity (Singapore: NUS Press, 2019), 234-6.
24 “Ministry aims for a city revival,” Business Times, January 5, 1979.
25 William S.W. Lim, “The Quality of Urban Life: With Special Reference To Developing Countries,” Asian Journal of Social Science 1, no. 1 (1973): 81-96.
26 考慮到他們更關注財富的不均分配,幾乎沒有跡象顯示在新加坡的都市規劃中存在有關貧民窟的種族化問題。然而,上世紀七十年代興起的比較方法論則一貫將貧民窟描述為地方政策失敗的案例,以突顯新加坡模式的成功。這與1967年的亞非住房大會上的討論則呈現出非常大的差異,當時的討論並不是將美國的住房危機歸因於地方政府的問題,而是看作快速的城市化這類現代性的普遍現象。參見:Chia Poteik, “Afro-Asian Builder’s Manual,” The Straits Times, October 15, 1967.
27 這個編年參考自Vijay Prashad的第三世界國際主義史。參見:Vijay Prashad, The Darker Nations: A People’s History of the Third World (New York: The New Press, 2007).
28 Sinnathamby Rajaratnam, “Speech at Fourth Summit Conference of Non-aligned Countries” (Algiers, September 9, 1973).
31 A.W. Singham and Shirley Hune, Non-alignment in an Age of Alignments (Harare: The College Press, 1986), 47.
32 Amitav Acharya and See Seng Tan, “The Normative Relevance of the Bandung Conference for Contemporary Asian and International Order” in Bandung Revisited: The Legacy of the 1955 Asian-African Conference for International Order, eds. See Seng Tan and Amitav Acharya (Singapore: NUS Press, 2008), 10.
33 United Nations, General Assembly, Resolution 3201, Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order, A/RES/3201(S-VI) (May 1, 1974), https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/218450.
34 Sinnathamby Rajaratnam, “Speech at the 34th Session of the United Nations General Assembly” (New York, September 24, 1979).
35 Vijay Prashad, “Naeem Mohaiemen’s Tragic History of the 1970s Left,” Afterall 47 (Spring/Summer 2019): 56-65.
36 Charles S. Peirce, Philosophical Writings of Peirce, ed. Justus Buchler (New York: Dover, 1955), 104-15.
37 Mary Ann Doane, “The Indexical and the Concept of Medium Specificity,” differences 18, no. 1 (2007): 133.
38 此處的分析借鑑了李静君「資本多樣性」的概念。參見:Ching Kwan Lee, The Specter of Global China: Politics, Labor, and Foreign Investment in Africa (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017).
40 Hennie van Vuuren, Apartheid Guns and Money: A Tale of Profit (London: Hurst, 2018), 434-7.
41 這個觀察是莫海門在討論拉惹勒南演說的講座中提出的。參見:Naeem Mohaiemen, “The Shortest Speech” (lecture, Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art, May 17, 2019).
42 班雅明認為最能體現這種能力的媒介是航空攝影。參見:Walter Benjamin, “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction” in Illuminations: Essays and Reflections, ed. Hannah Arendt, trans. Harry Zohn (New York: Schoken, 1968), 251.
45 Peirce, 108. 羅蘭·巴特發明「此曾在」(that-has-been)描述攝影以時間差對其所指對象的驗證,並賦予攝影媒介所需的遲滯感。參見:Roland Barthes, Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography, trans. Richard Howard (New York: Hill and Wang, 1981), 77.